Renaissance and Humanism •Political Realism (1513/1532) •Political Utopism (1516) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrai t_headcrop.jpg Thomas More citáty (46 citátů) | Citáty slavných osobností Thomas More •1478 – 1535 •Lawyer •1504 (Parliamentarian) •1516 (Utopia), limited reception •Inspired by Geographical Discoveries •1529 – 1532 (Chancellor) •Henry the VIII. •1535 (executed for disavow of Act of Succession) •1935 Canonized • Thomas More citáty (46 citátů) | Citáty slavných osobností Soc •What is Human Being? •What is Society? •What is Rule, Politics, Freedom? • Thomas Hobbes • • • •1588 – 1679 Leviathan 1651 • leviathan.jpg St. Bartholomew's Night massacre • • • •1572 •Thousands killed English Civil War 1642 – 1660 • • • •1649 England is Republic Oliver_Cromwell_Five.jpg •1649 – 1660 •General, signatory of Charles I. execution •Oliver Cromwell, Lord protector 1653 – 1958 •Dictatorship •Radical puritan •Massacre of Catholics (Ireland, Scotland) • • – – Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) •What is man? What is society? What is the state? •„Liberating“ man, society, politics from … •Negative anthropology (homo homini lupus + bellum omnium contra omnes) •State of nature – no society, culture, development … •Natural state/human condition: rights, free, equal, autonomous (delegated to KING, no resistance) •Security state (non-violence, peace, progress) •Negative freedom – free of external obstacles •Concertation of power, state/monarch absolutistism •Political power/state man made •Modern legitimacy of Power/State • • John Locke • • • • •1632 – 1704 The First English Civil War 1642-1647 - Warlord Games Yoair Blog - světová publikace blogu o antropologii. William of Orange • 1688 • • • • • John Locke (1632 – 1704) •Two Treatises of Government (1689), A letter Concerning Toleration •Complex gnozeological system (innate ideas) •State of Nature – perfect freedom, but insecure •Greed, conflicts, uncertainty (Hobbes x Locke – less pessimistic) •Who to blame? Inequality, money … humans •Civil Society (x war states) – civil/natural rights to life, liberty, property •Freedom under the Rule of Law, constituted freedom – liberty, „Freedom must be limited in order to preserve it“ •Political mechanisms to protect freedom, equality, human rights •State is an officer of the law, division of power, rule of law, representative government •Social contact in 3 steps: society/community, governance, taxes •Right to remove unlawful or unjust government (civil disobedience) •Positive freedom: ability, opportunity, might •1776, 1789 – liberalism, constitutionalism, democracy United States Declaration of Independence.jpg Political Ideas x Political Reality •Giovanni Sartori/Theory of democracy •„Bad ideas hurt more than bad intentions“ •Bad idealism, bad realism •Ideas are ideals/idols – routes rather than goals, things, or even rights/claims •Optimize not maximize our ideals •First and intermediary principles (Benjamin Constant 1767 – 1830, critic of GFR) •Utopic realisms – Epistemological Reflexivity (Anthony Giddens)