Neurosciences in Economics and Management Ing. Bc. Jiří Rotschedl, Ph.D. 04/17/2024 "The basic function of the brain is to convert sensory input into appropriate behaviour". •Human behaviour at the CNS level is dependent on complex interactions between individual neurotransmitters and neurohormones. • •The social environment greatly influences these brain substances and their interplay. •(Hess, Sliva, 2021) Vygenerované světelné indikátory počítače Introduction to the human brain - development •What has influenced the development of the human brain: •7 million years ago: bipedalism •Narrowing of the birth canal •Increasing demands on the growth of the human brain •4 million years ago: the growth of the human brain began • The beginning of the dilation of the birth canal •the dilemma of childbirth: •the female pelvis is a compromise between bipedalism and brain size at birth •the expansion of the pelvis was slower than the need for a large human brain •result: human offspring are born about 1 year earlier than other mammals (the size of the adult brain corresponds to a gestation period of at least 2 years in nature, but the child is born after 9 months) • The brain of the child •The brain of a newborn is neurologically immature •The baby's skull is soft to: •enable brain growth in the first 3 years of life •to pass through the birth canals, which are very tight in humans • •A child: •needs intensive parental care for the first 2 years •(mammals are more independent soon after birth, humans are not) •The brain is born with all the basic neurons not connected by synapses •by the age of 2, the same number of synapses are formed as in an adult •doubles by the age of 3 years, maintains until the child is 10 years old and then gradually decreases • • • Key components of the brain •Brain stem •Brainiac •The Intermediate Brain •The end brain • Key areas of the brain - Brain stem •Involved in: •- Balances •- Mimics •- Speeches •- Sucking, swallowing, chewing • •Locus Coeruleus = produces noradrenaline and plays an important role in stress. Brainiac •Responsible for: •- attitude •- muscle tone •- coordination of movements (movement experience and skills) •- unconscious learning and procedural memory - automated movements (when speaking, playing a musical instrument or other activities requiring dexterity) •Contains 4 times more neurons than the neocortex •It also appears to be involved in higher cognitive functions • The Intermediate Brain Obsah obrázku skica, kresba, Perokresba, Omalovánky Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •It is located in the middle of our brain between the hemispheres of the hindbrain •It consists mainly of two key parts: the Thalamus and the Hypothalamus •A very small component is also the pineal gland, which is an unpaired small neuroendocrine gland in the mesenchymal • • • Pineal gland •Endocrine gland •Plays an important role in setting biorhythms, especially circadian (daily cycle) and circadian (annual cycle) •It contains a lot of norepinephrine and serotonin and from these neurotransmitters it produces melatonin •In terms of biological evolution, the pineal gland evolved from the third inner eye in reptiles - it has elements from the retina and remnants of the lens we have in our eye. •Melatonin is a regulator of hair and eye pigmentation via melanin Hypothalamus •Involved in the control of homeostasis - a stable internal environment •It is part of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems •The hypothalamus mediates the physical accompaniment of emotions and modulates the experience of emotions, especially feelings of likes and dislikes... •Affects: •CRH (coticotropin-releasing hormone) - involved in the stress response •Oxytocin •Dopamine •SRH (somatotropin-releasing hormone) •The outer hypothalamic region contains centres that influence attention and arousal The end brain •It consists of two hemispheres connected by a callose body. The cortex of the terminal cerebrum consists of grey matter 2-5 mm thick. •Connecting the hemispheres through the corpus callosum, does not affect intelligence •The left hemisphere controls the movement of the right part of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the movement of the left part of the body. The role of the hemispheres •The left part controls the ability to write and express oneself in language, as well as comprehension of text and the spoken word. • •The right end brain processes visual and emotional stimuli and is responsible for spatial imagination, geometry and perspective. The amygdala and motivation •However, a study (Courtin et al., 2022) reveals new insights into the function of the amygdala in relation to the expectation of reward after performing an action without a signal. The mouse learns to perform the action first and receives a reward as a result of performing the action. •The amygdala is responsible for controlling voluntary goal-directed behavior •It is involved in determining the probability of receiving a reward as well as its value. The amygdala sends this information to subregions of the striatum that are known to control goal-directed behavior Neurons and synapses What is a neuron and a synapse •The cornerstone of the nervous system are neurons and their connections - i.e. synapses •Dendrites are projections from the body of the neuron that carry the signal to the center of the neuron •Axon (neurite) is longer and transmits the signal from the neuron to the outside Obsah obrázku kresba, skica, klipart, Perokresba Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Neurons and synapses •Dendrites have so-called dendritic spines and signals are transmitted between them and axons via neurotransmitters. •The most famous neurotransmitters: •dopamine, •serotonin, •noradrenaline, •acetylcholine, •GABA, •Adenosine. •For the proper functioning of transmissions between axon and dendrite, receptors through which the signals pass are also necessary. Specific neurons - VEN •In 1925, Constantin von Economo (Economo, 1926) first described a long, thin neuron about 4 times larger than the previously known pyramidal neurons. •Unlike pyramidal neurons, VEN has only one dendrite in the upper (apical) and one in the lower (basal) part of the spindle-shaped cell body - so it has bipolar dendrites with minimal branching. The axon emanating from the side of the VEN cell body is very long. Obsah obrázku kresba, skica, Perokresba, ilustrace Popis byl vytvořen automaticky VEN neurons •These neurons have only been described in: •humans, see e.g. (Allman et al., 2011) •great apes, see (Allman et al., 2010) or (Stimpson et al., 2011), •elephants (Hakeem et al., 2009) •dolphins and cetaceans, see (Raghanti et al., 2019) or (Butti et al., 2009) •Man is the only one of the above creatures with a large brain that has the most of these neurons in both absolute and relative terms. •Neuroscientists believe that VEN is involved in rapid and intuitive action on social issues (Gazzaniga, 2013) Forked neurons •Very similar are the so-called fork neurons, which differ from VEN only in that the apical dendrite (coming from the upper part of the neuron) branches into a fork shape. •VEN functions together with fork neurons play an important role in human behaviour and action. It is responsible for: •social-emotional function, •empathy, •intuition. •Example: in frontotemporal dementia, the loss of these neurons causes social changes in the behaviour of the affected person: socially inappropriate behaviour, loss of social tact, impulsivity, reckless or careless behaviour. It also includes apathy, listlessness, indifference to other people's needs, decreased social interest, relationship impairment or loss of warmth (Rusina et al., 2021) VEN + forked neurons & behaviour •VEN and fork genes play a neurobiological basis in human economic behavior. •People with lower levels of these neurons may exhibit impulsive behaviour - unthinking buying behaviour. •The lack of these neurons will also play a role in the reckless, almost selfish behaviour that forms the basis of the economic principle of maximising utility or profit Experiment Testovací případ Mirror neurons •What is it? Neurons that are activated in two situations: •I'm doing an activity •I see someone doing some activity •I imagine I'm doing a certain activity •WHEN were they discovered? •In monkeys, early 1990s •For people in the second half of the 1990s •Neuroscience shows that mirror neurons influence our ability to learn new skills, acquire knowledge, and form deep emotional connections with those around us, and even help us understand why people do what they do (Cook et al., 2014) • • Neuron systém žlutě a světle modrý What activities are mirror neurons involved in? •Initiation, planning and coordination of movements and storage of motor programs for learned activities. •Processing sensory information related to touch, pressure and proprioception (perception of body position) from different parts of the body. •Sensorimotor integration, spatial awareness and perception of objects in relation to oneself. •Emotion processing and regulation of emotional reactions • •(Penagos-Corzo et al., 2022; Eysenck & Keane, 2015) They have been found in multiple brain regions, including the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, primary somatosensory cortex, amygdala, thalamus, and inferior parietal cortex. As such, they are potentially involved in these activities What contributes to our behaviour? •In addition to the brain Vygenerované světelné indikátory počítače Microbiome = colonies of microorganisms •We also have microbiomes in our mouths, on our skin and in/on other parts of body. •The largest colonies of microorganisms are found in the gut = gut microbiome. • •It is involved in the expression of our emotions and communicates with our brain through the vagus nerve (Forsythe, Bienenstock and Kunze, 2014). The importance of the microbiome in general •The quality of the microbiome is very important •It can have a direct effect on the formation of: •depression, •anxiety, •autism, •Parkinson's disease and other diseases • •(Quigley, 2017), (Cenit, Sanz and Codoñer-Franch, 2017) How does our microbiome communicate with the brain? •So the microbiome communicates with our brain through the vagus nerve, and •from the brain to the organs 20% of fibres •80% of the fibres run from the organs to the brain • •(Bonaz, Bazin and Pellissier, 2018) •The microbiome therefore represents our second "brain" that influences our actions. Mozek What is the Nervus vagus (vagus nerve) •The vagus nerve is: •longest •the most complex of the so-called cranial nerves •10th cranial nerves. •It runs through: •Face, •chest, including the heart, •in the abdomen. •It connects the larynx, pharynx, vocal cords, heart, lungs and most of the digestive tract to the brain. What do we have Nervus vagus for? •It distinguishes between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and stimulates the brain to an anti-inflammatory response. •It can produce anxiety or anti-anxiety effects. •It can be activated through nutritional stimuli • Sympathetic and parasympathetic Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system •It belongs to the "autonomic" nervous system - it is activated autonomously •Peripheral system acting against itself •Sympathetic - activating, works by wiring: •Dopamine •Adrenaline •Noradrenaline •Glucocorticoids etc. • •Parasympathetic - dampening, works by wiring e.g. •Oxytocin etc. • Sympathetic - why do we have it? •It activates our organism at a time when: •we are at risk •escape x fight x retreat •when we want to hunt prey •we have sex •when we are stressed for reasons other than physical combat or physical exercise • •The present time is full of Sympathetically dominant (lots of tasks, lots of stressful situations on a psychological basis, everything is fast. • Evolutionarily Sympathetic: It was created so that we could survive in the event of an attack. He chooses three strategies: - escape - fight - give way Currently, these predators do not exist. The Sympathetic response is triggered by e.g. stress at work - lots of work, rapidly changing environment, lots of information in the environment, busy and artificially induced stimuli in the mind that stress us out. So we don't have the associated physical activity that should be the response Sympathetic - what is activated? •The sympathetic is activated as a whole, so it manifests itself in all parts of the body at once: •increase in heart rate •increase in breath •deactivation of the immune system •upset the homeostasis of the body •blood clotting is increased •stress hormones are produced in the adrenal glands • Sympatikus - Side Effects •Managers and workers with long-activated sympathetic: •are more likely to be sick •eat more (manager = min. 1 kg extra weight per year) • •Food is primarily supposed to activate the parasympathetic, but if we are in sympathetic permanently/long term, it doesn't work •That's why we have to take our time to eat, not eat on the way - it doesn't work as a parasympathetic activator. Parasympathetic - when does it work? •A system that calms the body and helps bring it into homeostasis •Parasympathetic is active: •at the time of rest •in digestion, etc. •in a safe environment • •It helps to relax the brain and it starts to connect more - it gives creativity or flow. • Parasympathetic - what is it good for? •Manager/Leader •if he needs to think about strategy •if he needs to come up with new ideas (new products, etc.) •Creatives •if they need to come up with an idea •Engineers •if they need to find unique innovative designs • •Must have Sympathetic deactivated and Parasympathetic activated How to activate parasympathetic? •Being in a safe environment - being in the company of more people (listening) •Touching (victims) = related to Oxytocin production •Meditation •Singing and making deep vowel sounds - oooh, ooooh • Breath •Activation by long exhalation with deep sound •there are different techniques - breathing into a square •short inhalations and long exhalations •Improving cognitive function - breathing in through the nose, into the abdomen •Flushes out nitric oxide - improves blood flow, improves blood pressure, expands airways and improves oxygenation of the body and brain •breath is more effective •Relax the shoulders (trapezius muscle) when exhaling •Control mechanisms of breath: •autonomic (originating from the brain stem - locus coreuleus) •conscious (coming from the motor centres of the brain) • Eye •Peripheral looking = activates parasympathetic (calms the body) •sunrise and sunset •looking into the distance •looking sideways left-right (reduces amygdala activity) •The Eye Pupils: •parasympathetic reaction: they contract •sympathetic reaction: they stretch • Smile •Smiling = leads to activation of the parasympathetic system •The brain knows that smiling is associated with pleasure, in which certain parts of the brain and neuromuscular connections (e.g., facial muscles) are active. The brain associates smiling with a safe environment •Artificially induced smile activates the same areas of the brain = it improves mood, increases the feeling of joy •An artificially induced smile is ideal when you can't fall asleep - it activates the parasympathetic system and the body quickly settles down and falls asleep. Listening •The parasympathetic is activated by listening •listening to music •podcasts etc. • •Effective is: •Increase the tone of voice •Slower talking • • Acetylcholine •One of the main mediators of Parasympathetic • •Example: •You have the task of leading a discussion, presenting a new product and you have to be alert - to be able to focus on the audience, be creative, have an active mind, you have to activate the Parasympatheticus (see previous slides) - e.g. by supplementing with Acetylcholine or another nootropic. Circadian rhythms of the body •Biological clock Různé typy hodin Inner clock (chronobiology) Main synchronization signals Photoperiodic change in nature: Circadian clock system in the body Obsah obrázku skica, text, diagram, kresba Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Melatonin in paediatric insomnia | NSS (dovepress.com) Key organ - eyesight •Photoreceptors on the retina •Ganglion cells in the eye that signal what time of day it is •time signals (light, temperature, food) • •Cells in the eye distinguish the angle at which a light source strikes the retina •in the morning and during the day the source of the world from above = daylight •in the evening the light source is from below - sunset + fireplace = red light • • Ganglion cells are in the lower half of the eye - Ganglion cells have a low sensitivity to light in the morning, so we need a lot of light In the evening the ganglion cells are very sensitive and therefore in the evening rather not to shine and only red light The more light we have in the morning and morning (daylight, including blue light), the better. Suprachiasmatic nuclei •They perceive light - they are connected to the retina of the eye •They're constantly watching whether it's day or night •Functions of suprachiasmatic nuclei: •Synchronizes bio rhythms in cells according to light intensity •Regulate feeding behaviour •They regulate the metabolic organs •Regulates body temperature - changes enzymes in the body •It regulates hormones: •Melatonin - "the hands of our biological clock" •Cortisol - has a peak at the beginning of activity (informs the organs that it is daytime) Chronotypes •owls, extreme owls •Undefined •lark, extreme lark • •Causes of different chronotypes: •Gene mutation (owls have a slower clock, larks have a faster clock) Different gene mutations affect regulatory processes in the body • • • Differences between owls and larks Evening activity Poloviční obličeje hodin na zdi How do suprachiasmatic nuclei synchronize the cell clock? Body temperature level - bio clock regulation •The temperature has its minimum about 2 hours before we wake up. The maximum is 4-5 hours after the minimum and at this maximum one should be doing temperature raising activities (exercise, cold shower). then it starts to drop. The next maximum is at about 16:00 - 17:00 - when it is best to exercise, to burn fat. The subsequent decrease in temperature leads to preparing the body for sleep. •Shortening the day: •Ice shower in the morning at a time when the temperature is rising, shifting the peak to earlier in the day •Sauna in the evening leads to the activation of cooling of the body and faster cooling and shortening of the day •Extending the day: •ice shower, cold therapy in the evening •When it's hot, don't take a hot shower; rather, a lukewarm shower is a good idea to help cool the body down. Cortisol level •Increases naturally upon waking and peaks 1 hour after waking •Peak cortisol levels are earlier than temperature, but there is a correlation between the two •Cortisol then decreases from the morning peak and slightly increases or stagnates before the second temperature peak and then decreases again • •Individuals with depression, mood disorders - have a flatter trend in cortisol levels throughout the day • Melatonin levels •Melatonin is related to cortisol - negative correlation between them •When cortisol levels are high, melatonin levels are low and vice versa •Plays a key role in sleep (reducing inflammation, cleansing the body, regenerating tissues, remembering things we've learned) •Ganglion cells are very sensitive in the evening - inhibits (suppresses) melatonin production • •What does that imply? •If we are burdened with stress we fall asleep harder and have less quality sleep • Related substances with circadian rhythms •Vitamin D - may suppress melatonin secretion •supplementation of vit. D in the morning improves sleep •supplementation of vit. D in the evening worsens sleep •Caffeine - coffee drinking should be related to the circadian rhythm •Adenosines from ATP sit on receptors, thus signaling to the brain that the body is tired •Adenosines are free and wait for receptors to be released = then comes rapid fatigue •Not ideal for the first hour after waking up - coffee supplements cortisol and a decaffeinated start to the day is even worse •Protein: are suitable in the morning •Carbohydrates: in the evening they are associated with better quality sleep •Alcohol: raises our temperature, impairs sleep quality Biological clock of the chronotype during life •Children - mostly larks •Puberty - mostly owls •Maturity - different types - owls, barn owls, larks according to the Gaussian curve •Seniors - mostly larks Owls se na sebe přilepení Obsah obrázku text, diagram, snímek obrazovky, řada/pruh Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Circaannual rhythm - winter/summer •With autumn, the production of melatonin, which affects the immune system, is prolonged •Comply with the seasonal changes of lengthening and shortening the day has a health benefit •in spring and summer we have more cortisol, dopamine, testosterone, estrogen = we have more desire to have relationships, have sex more often, we are more horny (animals mate more often with the arrival of spring as the day starts to lengthen) •The arrival of spring 03-04 is one of the two times of the year when most human relationships break down • •Daylight even in winter has a health benefit - at least 1 hour a day in daylight improves •Morning - we need a lot of intense light •Evening - only yellow/red light in winter • Circadian rhythms and manager/economist •Increase the efficiency and performance of the work team: •approach people individually according to their chronotype •avoid shift work that is irregular on a daily basis •Introduce afternoon rest breaks • •Proper setting of the team's biological clock: •reduction of team sickness •increase in human performance and use of all active phases (one phase in larks, both phases in owls) Shift work •Permanent changes in the working regime lead to dysregulation of circadian rhythms and cause: •metabolic syndrome •depression •Hypertension •diabetes •various types of cancer (breast cancer is associated with shift work, and cancers related to hormonal imbalances) Endrophins Endorphin - Motivation for further performance •Feeling great after a hard day of hunting game was the main goal of going hunting the next day. •Endorphins therefore encourage us to repeat the activity. That is, to make us feel great again. Dopamine Dopamine - disorders •Genetic and epigenetic basis: •The D4DR gene, on chromosome 11, has a repetitive sequence in the middle •Repetition is 2 to 10 times •Higher repetition decreases dopamine receptor sensitivity •People with a long gene (multiple repeats): •tend to engage in activities that produce large amounts of dopamine: •adrenaline sports •change sexual partners more often •seek sensation and new experiences •do not tolerate boredom •People with a short gene (fewer repeats): •opposite Dopamine Neurologically and physiologically •Its deficiency leads to motor poverty, reduced facial expressions, uncontrollable trembling at will and slow and monotonous speech. •Parkinson's disease •It affects the production of estrogen: •in female athletes or ballerinas, it causes a drop in estrogen, which is associated with cessation of menstruation Dopamine Decision-making and economic behaviour •Increased dopamine leads to hyperactivity, which alters buying behavior and leads to: •impulse buying •the lack of forethought, in particular with regard to intermediate decisions •What our subjective discount factor is will be affected by the impaired reward dependence syndrome in particular. •Hyperactive people are more likely to be poor, as well as more likely to go into debt or save less (Rotschedl, 2022) Dopamine Motivation and leadership •More dopamine is released when we get an unexpected reward than when we expect a reward (Mirenowicz and Schultz, 1994) •Dopamine also starts to form when you are done = it is advisable to write a TO DO sheet and check off the completed tasks •The feeling of victory when winning, reaching the goal •Human is sight oriented = seeing the target is essential •Companies therefore set their VISION (from seeing) - this contributes to the creation of dopamine and motivation to go after the vision, to fulfill it. •Therefore the VISION must be: tangible • What's the problem with dopamine? •The problem is not changing it, but increasing the "base line" •A person addicted to dopamine has high levels of dopamine •But the brain responds to "changes" in dopamine. •For people with high "base line" dopamine it is difficult to induce a feeling of happiness, a feeling of reward from any activity - over time nothing motivates them to do anything - a classic manifestation of burnout: "they don't enjoy anything" • •The problem is with people addicted to drugs - especially meth, cocaine. Drugs change the physiology of the brain (they lose dopaminergic receptors) and even if they go through the withdrawal phase, they are bored for the rest of their lives, ordinary things don't make them happy. Noradrenaline Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) Chemistry of alertness •WHY: •increases our alertness •plays an important role in the case of unwitting attention •Lower level: we feel boredom •Proper dopamine and norepinephrine levels = leads to flow (Rock, 2010) •Higher levels = in shy people, in people with fast metabolism (Hess and Sliva, 2021) •WHERE: •It is produced in the adrenal glands •HOW: •Noradrenaline is formed from dopamine by dopamine-beta-oxidase, and adrenaline is then formed from noradrenaline Serotonin Serotonin •A key hormone for hierarchical division of society and status (not only humans, but also animals) •Hierarchically, elevated serotonin levels have the highest rank •Hierarchically, those lower down the hierarchy have lower levels of serotonin, even though they were higher up before and were demoted •When the leading "male" is removed, there is a decrease in the density of serotonergic receptors in the area of the brain involved in social behavior •By supplying the precursor Serotonin = leads to prosocial behaviour and males treated in this way achieved higher status •It is the hormone responsible for a sense of pride and status •gives a feeling of confidence How to trick the status system? •We live in a material society •Status = expensive car, big house, designer clothes, logo on building or clothes • •What's missing? •it is not the status due to a better relationship between the caregiver and the cared for •Despite the fact that we accumulate "status enhancing" things, we don't feel successful! Serotonin How to influence serotonin levels? •By increasing the intake of Tryptophan and at the same time less of other amino acids •Increase glucose and subsequently insulin uptake = promotes amino acid delivery to muscles •Chocolate contains a lot of tryptophan = after consumption, plasma serotonin levels increase •Bananas contain large amounts of serotonin •After main meal chocolate dessert => tryptophan => serotonin •Milk and honey before bed => tryptophan => serotonin and melatonin •Sweets on the pillow at the hotel => for better sleep as a result of higher tryptophan absorption •Note: Melatonin is also produced from tryptophan (produced in the pineal gland and retinal cells = regulates biorhythms). Serotonin Management and leadership •As a leader: if you are not willing to give up benefits when needed, you should NEVER be promoted to the position you hold - You have the position, but you are not the leader! •If you promote to leader: •you have MORE work (not less) •you are putting other team members at risk • •It touches us deeply when people who are supposed to be leaders sacrifice their team for their own benefit when there is a problem. • Serotonin Management and leadership •If we trust each other in the team, then: •we will take more risks •we will innovate •we're going to do great things •If we don't trust each other in the team, we won't achieve these things • • Oxytocin Oxytocin Psychologically •It is involved in the formation of emotional attachment: •of mother and child •between sexual partners during orgasm and fear •Increases trust and empathy in the group •Suppresses anxiety •Increases confidence and reduces fear •Improves mood and reduces stress response • • • Oxytocin What increases it? •Social contacts •Cuddling, orgasm •Doing good deeds without reward. • • Oxytocin Psychiatrically •Oxytocin is used in addiction recovery because: •reduces withdrawal symptoms •reduces drug addiction Oxytocin Management and leadership •Social contact - e.g. shaking hands of strangers is an important moment for joint negotiations and contracting •Business and business relationships are often not rational, they are much more about a certain belonging, a sense of security. •Refusing to shake hands will lead to •you'll be nervous or.., •you'll find the other side untrustworthy, •you don't have to sign the contract after all. •In management speak, giving your time and energy to someone else without getting anything in return = the basic activity of a Leader Oxytocin Management and leadership •Real leaders are those who give us their time and energy, not money - money is not biologically effective •Leader has limited time •A leader's basic decision: who to give time+energy to and who not to • •Leader realizes an important fact: •Oxytocin also plays an important role in the overall health of the body and improving immunity (happy people and people living in a relationship live longer - they are healthier) • Cortisol Cortisol chemistry of stress •WHY: •main role is the regulation of nutrient metabolism - carbohydrates, proteins and fats •HOW: •Stress => signal to Amygdala => Locus coreuleus => activation of stress axis: hypothalamus => pituitary => adrenal => feedback via hippocampus to hypothalamus •WHERE: •produced by the adrenal cortex from •the starting substance for the formation is cholesterol •CO: •Cortisol is one of the main steroid hormones •It is a stress hormone Cortisol Physiologically and anthropologically •Responsible for the initial reaction type: running, attack, retreat •It prepares the body for this type of stress: •Induces a paranoid state: makes one nervous, makes others nervous •Sharpens our senses •Responsible for pumping glucose into the blood •Regulates blood clotting •Shuts down the immune system •Suppresses hair and nail growth •Short term - OK, but long term it causes more frequent sickness, Cortisol Psychologically •Cortisol increases selfishness and suppresses oxytocin release •biologically, our character is changed by long-term exposure to cortisol •less compassionate •less noble •we stop caring about others •we focus on protecting ourselves •In the event of danger (an attack on a group of people), it is natural that a person will start to choose a side • Cortisol Health •Toxic environment, i.e. toxic company culture, enormous stress, etc. is killing us •This kind of work is killing us, and the people working in these companies should leave as soon as possible because they are sacrificing the most valuable thing they have - their health Stress Stress •In terms of risk, stress can be divided into two forms: •A) EUSTRES •B) DISTRESS •Eustress is a kind of stress that has a beneficial effect on our organism. This is, for example, sports. This type of stress is characterised by one basic characteristic: stress in which we have an influence on the events that cause it. In other words, we can stop this stress. •Distress is one of the dangerous stresses that cause phenomena that we cannot control by our own actions. The worst situation is when our organism is exposed to such stress for a long time. • Stressors •repeated threat •bossing and bossy behaviour, generally bullying •frustration (e.g. due to extensive responsibility and low authority = I cannot influence the phenomena) •conflicts and disputes • The Yerkes-Dodson curve of human performance Burnout Syndrome •H. Freudenberger 1975 - state of exhaustion, fatigue and permanent stress •Stages: •Zero: High performance but insufficient reward •First: The feeling of not keeping up •Second: anxious chaotic and overworked •Third: loss of interest, irritability, disappointment, dullness • Požár a kouř Burnout syndrome - symptoms •Fatigue •Depression and anxiety •Memory disorders •Attention deficit disorder •Sleep disorders •Somatic disorders •Crankiness, feeling of pressure •Alcohol, smoking •Disruption of interpersonal relations • •What it leads to: •decrease in enjoyment of work •decline in the capacity for empathy • •It manifests itself further : •unwillingness to serve clients •cynicism •with impatience •irritability towards colleagues and clients •fantasies of testimony • Measuring burnout syndrome Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) •3 spatial model, evaluated from three perspectives: •Exhaust •Cynicism •Underperformance Cynicism How to prevent burnout? •Time management - setting priorities and urgency •Functioning at least two pillars of life out of three: •Thesis •Relations •Hobbies •Self-teaching and self-improvement •Having an impact on events - supervising your own life •To have my own sanctuary where I can be alone •Know how to give but also receive praise • •We shouldn't aspire to do everything perfectly •Doing things differently - prevention to stereotypes •Create •Don't always talk about work •Plan - work and leisure, •Know how to say yes and no - especially at work •Humour (affects how we read the present •Sport • Maslow's pyramid of needs a little differently Physiological needs 29.8 million - 4.00 % Needs for safety and security 126 million - 17.28 % Social needs 538 million - 73.77 % The need for recognition and status 30 million - 4.11 % Need Self-realization 5.5 miles - 0.75% If I got it, I got it. If I don't have it, I want to have it. When I have it, I want more of it. If I don't have it, I don't mind Source. Orlita, 2014 TED Kroměříž Physiological needs (food, sex, sleep) Needs for safety and security Social needs The need for recognition and status Need Self-realization Serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline Serotonin, oxytocin and dopamine Oxytocin, dopamine, noradrenaline Oxytocin, dopamine, noradrenaline and cortisol Endorphin, dopamine, noradrenaline and cortisol Intelligence and rationality Digitální umění mozku TEST Black pen against a sheet with shaded numbers Test 1.The bat and ball cost a total of $1.10. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much is the ball? _____ cents, 2.If it takes 5 machines 5 minutes to make 5 products, how long would it take 100 machines to make 100 products? _____ 3.There is a cluster of water lilies in the lake. Every day the clump doubles in size. If it takes 48 days for a clump to cover the whole lake, how long would it take for the clump to cover half the lake? _____ days. This was the Congitive Reflection Test •by Shane Frederick (2005) •CRT was conducted on 3428 students from different universities. •33% of those tested could not identify the correct answer to any of the questions. •Only 39% of students answered two or all three questions correctly. •61% percent of respondents in the CRT test succumbed to the System 1 result and did not engage the controls available in System 2 at all. •How did we do? Why? •Keith Stanovich (Stanovich, 2010) concludes that high intelligence does not make people immune to biases in judgment •Intelligence is not the same as rationality. •Stanovich concludes that CRT test-type tasks are superior to traditional IQ tests. Why? •Failure in cognitive tests is due to "lack of motivation" (one does not try hard enough to verify the correctness of the answer generated by System 1) •Those who have avoided intellectual laziness are more alert, more intellectually active, less willing to be satisfied with superficially plausible answers, and more skeptical of their intuition - what might be called "engaged" •are more "rational" (Stanovich, 2010) and (Kahneman, 2012).