Obsah obrázku obloha, osoba, voda, exteriér Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Terrorist organizations in selected region of Global South Somalia Al-Shabaab Obsah obrázku obloha, země, exteriér, továrna Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Failed state •Phenomenon – from 90s •The consequence of the disintegration of the bipolar world and the escalation of long-terming conflicts •Interior armed conflicts – state vs. non-state units •Aspiration to take power •Religious, Cultural and Ethnic fighs •Central government is weak – unabale control state‘s territory •Able to keep order only in Capital city •Rest of the country in chaos •The state leaves the citizens to their destiny •Armed forces works as personal security for the rulers in capital • • Obsah obrázku mapa Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. African corner •East part of Africa •Somalia , Ethiopia, Eritrea a Djibouti •Only the Ethiopia without acces to the sea •Strait Bab al-Mandab – škrtící bod světa •"neighbouring" with Yemen • (other unstable states) •Consequences of decolonisation •artificial borders •Ethnic and civil wars • • • • • • • • Obsah obrázku mapa Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Během jednoho roku zde projede více jak 30 000 obchodních lodí . Jedná se o kratší plavbu ze Středozemního moře přes Suezský průplav, Rudé moře, průliv Bab al-Mandab, Adenský záliv a Arabské moře do Indického oceánu. Pirátství a rozpadlý jemen značně snižuje možnost těžby ropy a zemního plynu v této oblasti Somalia •Fishing – main source for economy •Unstable government, minimal control sovereign waters – foreing ships fishing here •Aftermath - falling of Somalia‘s economy •Many former fishermans now as a pirates •Strategic location near Gulf of Aden •Frequent, a lot of world trade passes through here • •Piracy = Involvement IOs, NATO and EU Obsah obrázku objekt v exteriéru Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Connetcs Suez, Rudé a Arabské moře (Bab al-mandab) Obsah obrázku exteriér, nákladní auto, vojenské vozidlo, doprava Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Somalia - History •Regions of interest during Cold War •Assassination presidet Shirmarke –> military coup in 1969 •New part of Somalia‘s gov are communist •nationalization of private property •Empathy towards the USSR • Teritorial disputes with Ethiopia • •Somalia – homogeneous – many clans, hard negotiations •1991 civil war - inability of the government to establish order (Dictator Baare) • •Ethiopian invasion to Somalia in 2006 • • • Pak prohoz – USA a Somálsko, Rusko a Etiopie - po převratech •Secession of territory • creation of Somaliland (Hergeysa) • •Secession of other par of Somalia • Puntland (Garoowe) •Operations of Daesh – Terrorism •Teritorial disputes •Settlement efforts - UN mission Somalia in the 21st century > Obsah obrázku osoba Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. •The extreme form of a Failed state •Pirate attacks after the fall of a stable government in 2004 •2005 – Massive growth of piracy in the area •2006 – Decline of piracy with Islamists coming to power •Strict religious rules •2007 – The new government unable to maintains the safe place for the population •Aid from Ethiopia's armed forces, government collapse, clashes with rebels •civilians being held as a hostages (abuse by both sides) •Failure to guarantee sovereignty in territorial waters •The coast of Somalia is polluted by waste •Rising influence of Islamist •Al-Shabaab •Daesh •Fear of terrorist attacks - Islamists attack soft targets •Operates from Puntland • • • Somalia in the 21st century •Bad conditions of enviroment •Raids by foreign fishermen •Somalis are losing resources at the same time •Lack of rain •Extensive drought - impact on agriculture + grasshoppers •Residents migrated closer to the sea – fishing •Tsunami •Once a stable exporter of salt, bananas and other commodities Obsah obrázku exteriér, osoba, země Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Al-Shabaab •In Somali: YOUTH •Fully : Ḥarakat al-Shabāb al-Mujāhidīn •Islamist militant group based in Somalia •Links to Al-Qaeda •Beginning in 2006 •Against Transitional Federal Government •Incubator for Al-Shabaab, was Al-Ittihad al-Islami (AIAI) •“Unity of Islam”,militant Salafi group •Threath for Christian Ethiopia Al-Shabaab •Militia affiliated with the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) •Federations of local and clan-based Islamic courts •Founded in 2004 (Southern Somalia) •Fighting with the lawlessness and banditry (Piracy) since collapse of the government •Al-Shabaab work as armed wing of ICU •Leading by Aden Hashi Farah Ayro •Operative trained by Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan •Extreme ideology •Al-Shabaab played key role in ICU combat against central government, 2006 •Central gov supported by US (prevent for the spread of islamism) Obsah obrázku tráva, osoba, exteriér, vojenská uniforma Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Obsah obrázku obloha, osoba, exteriér, lidé Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Al-Shabaab •2006 – intervetion lead by US + Ethiopia and Somalia federal government •ICU was quickly defeaded, but Al-Shabaab start against intervention forces •Also attacks civilians, journalist and international aid (AMISOM) •2008 – US air strike kill Al-Shabbab leader Ayro •2009 – Extend area under control •Banning non islamic behavior – punishments (amputations, stoning) •2010 – Suicide bombers major attack outside Somalia in Uganda •75 kill were citizens Obsah obrázku osoba, exteriér, lidé, skupina Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Al-Shabaab •2012 – Al-Shabaab sworn loyalty to Al-Qaeda •21st September – attack in Nairobi •Islamist stormed a shopping mall, 65 killed • •2015 – massacre at Kenya's Garissa University •2017 – bombing in Mogadishu, >500 killed •2018 – kidnapping an Italian non-governmental organisation aid worker in Kilifi, Kenya, and held her captive for 18 months. She was released in May 2020 after a ransom of 1.5 million Euros was reportedly paid. •2021 – suicide car bomb blast near to security checkpoint at presidental palace • • Obsah obrázku mapa Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Obsah obrázku obloha, exteriér, země, osoba Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Obsah obrázku exteriér, obloha, osoba, strom Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. •Al-shabaab Goal : Islamic state •Areas under contorol: Hard interpretation of sharia •Prohibition of entertainment – movies, music •Founding: sources of income from other terrorist groups, piracy, kidnapping, blackmailling, smuggling, Eritrea ? > Obsah obrázku mapa Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. AMISOM Obsah obrázku obloha, letadlo, asfaltovat Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Obsah obrázku exteriér, nákladní auto, vojenské vozidlo, staré Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Obsah obrázku obloha, planina, exteriér, letadlo Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. •UN mission leading by African Union •Peacekeeping forces in Somalia from 2007 •Mandate – protect the country’s transitional government •Uganda – Largest contingent >6000 troopers •Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Djibouti. •AMISOM in total = 20 000 troops. • •“We are sending a message to every country who is willing to send troops to Somalia that they will face attacks on their territory,” United States Obsah obrázku voda, obloha, exteriér, pobřeží Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. •Interest •preventing the country from becoming a refuge for terrorist groups to plot attacks on the United States and destabilize the Horn of Africa, where long-standing disputes among Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia •Worries about collaboration between Islamist organisations in region •Al-Shabaab, Boko Haram, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula •Somali diaspora in US = radicalization •US train and equip AMISOM forces Obsah obrázku obloha, exteriér, osoba Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Thank you for your attention • Roman Liška •Security policy •CEVRO Institut •Melicharová, Fighting with piracy in Horn of Africa – Role of NATO and EU, https://dspace5.zcu.cz/bitstream/11025/37895/1/Boj%20s%20piratstvim_Melicharova.pdf •Fragile states index, data of Failed states, https://fragilestatesindex.org ; https://fragilestatesindex.org/analytics/fsi-heat-map/ •Aljazeera ,Suicide bomber kills at least eight in Somali capital, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/25/suicide-bomber-kills-at-least-eight-in-somali-capital •Claire Felter, Jonathan Masters, and Mohammed Aly Sergie, Council on foreign relations, Al-Shabbab, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab •Institute for security studies, AMISOM should provide more than security in Somalia, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/amisom-should-provide-more-than-security-in-somalia •BBC, Who are Somalia's al-Shabab?, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15336689 •Center for strategic and international studies, Examining Extremism: Harakat al Shabaab al Mujahideen (al Shabaab), https://www.csis.org/blogs/examining-extremism/examining-extremism-harakat-al-shabaab-al-mujahideen -al-shabaab •Australian national security, Al-Shabab, https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/Al-Shabaab.aspx •Britannica, Al-Shabaab, Somali-based militant group, https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Shabaab •DW, Al-Shabab, https://www.dw.com/en/al-shabab/t-18172913 •United States institute for peace, Fragile States Fail Their Citizens and Threaten Global Security, https://www.usip.org/blog/2018/09/fragile-states-fail-their-citizens-and-threaten-global-security •European Union Naval forces (EUNAVFOR), COUNTERING PIRACY OFF THE COAST OF SOMALIA, https://eunavfor.eu •Aljazeera, Al Shabab claims Somalia plane bomb attack, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/2/13/al-shabab-claims-somalia-plane-bomb-attack • • • • • • • • • • • • • •