Ethnicity as a conflict source in Africa – A case study of the genocide in Rwanda By William Rahn Precolonial Rwanda and the introduction of ethnicity during colonial rule •Originally inhabited by Twa settlers • • Plethora of minor kingdoms united into Kingdom of Rwanda • •German colony from 1884 • •Colonial rule through the use of local elites • •Belgian control after World War 1 • •Direct colonial rule and the implementation of ethnic division • data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHCBUVFBcVFBQYGBcZGRocGRoZGhoXGhoaGRocISAZ GhoaICwkHSApIiAgJDYlKS0vNDM1GiM4PjgyPSwyMy8BCwsLBgYGDwYGDy8cFRwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8 vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAMEBBQMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAABBQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAIDBQYBBwj/xA BFEAACAQIEAwUEBgcGBgMBAAABAhEAAwQSITEFQVEGEyJhcTKBkaEjQrHB0fAUYnOCwuHxBzNScrKzJDRDU5KiFmODFf/EABQBA QAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/xAAUEQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwD1FBHM7+dYXtng1snDXO8cS7W3cs7H 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manifesto”, movement for equal treatment • •1959, minor violence based on ethnicity, fear based politics • •1959 – 1961, Rwandan Hutu Revolution, Tutsi lost power and decolonisation period • •60 – 70s, anti Tutsi sentiment grew stronger, Tutsi exodus • • 90s, Pogroms, Civil War, Hutu Power and growing fear • •Similarities between 50s and 90s • • Refer to caption. Paul Kagame (RPF) and Juvenal Habyariamana (government) Resistance/ Independence - Imperialism In Rwanda Refugee: Escaping Burundi's political violence | Human Rights News | Al Jazeera Civil war and genocide •Mobalization of Hutu groups prior to genocide • •The central role of media in conflict regions • •1994, Rwandian and Burundi presidents plane is shot down • •Human Rights Watch group estimates 500,000 deaths + IDPs • •The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) counteroffensive • • Map Description automatically generated Map showing the partition of Rwanda between government, RPF, and demilitarised zones Map Description automatically generated • How ethnicity is a root cause to tension in the Great Lake region •Over 2.1 million Rwandans displaced in the region after the genocide (UNHCR) • •Establishment of rebel groups in neighbouring countreis (Tutsi and Hutu) • •RPF supports Tutsi rebellion against Mobuto (Zaire) • •Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi support Kabilas coup in Zaire (First Congo war) • •SADC members Angola, Chad, namibia and Zimbawe enters the conflict • •Second Congo War, RPF attacks DRC, 5.8 million deaths (1998 – 2008) • •2002, Sun City Agreement and Luanda Agreement, unstable peace • •Refugee camps /diasporas • History of the Second Congo War A New Congo Crisis? | Origins Fragile state detour: The unfortunate state of Congo •A troubled history • •Lack of centralization and instutionalization • •Why fragile state create conflict regions • •The struggle between autocracy and democracy • •De facto situation for civilians in Congo • •The panzi hospital • • DRC: A Medley of Armed Groups Play on Congo's Crisis – Paul Nantulya | Africa Center for Strategic Studies The Hospital - Panzi Foundation At Least 60 Dead in Attack on Camp for Displaced People in Congo - The New York Times How a Dispute Between Comrades in Congo Sparked Africa's Deadliest War Summary •Ethnicity is a major factor in the Global South • •Is prevelent in politics, economy, military and society • •The UN (& West) lacks tools and ambition • •How peace can be achieved • •Johan Galtung, triangles and different types of peace • •John Paul Lederacht, cultivation and peace building • • • Peace Journalism and Reporting on the United States Levels of Action (Lederach's Pyramid) | Beyond Intractability page1image543511824 Reference list •https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/RWA/rwanda/population •https://www-jstor-org.proxy.ub.umu.se/stable/4187200?seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contents •https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170648 - The heart of the African conflict zone democratization, ethnicity, civil conflict and the great lakes crisis •https://www-jstor-org.proxy.ub.umu.se/stable/pdf/422339.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A7794e451d9ad39901 0467946b51ba831&ab_segments=&origin=&acceptTC=1 – Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda •https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187200 Ethnicity and the politics of history in Rwanda •https://ucdp.uu.se/country/517 UCDP Rwanda •https://asq.africa.ufl.edu/chege_97/ The Great Lake Crisis •https://countryeconomy.com/demography/population/rwanda?year=1995 Population statistics •https://cdn.sida.se/publications/files/sida3689en-a-strategic-conflict-analysis-for-the-great-lake s-region.pdf SIDA, Strategic conflict Analysis •The Second Congo War – William Rahn • • • • • •