Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png Politologie Karel B. Müller www.karelmuller.eu POLITICKÁ KULTURA Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png Politická kultura (?) empirie X normativita •Authors of classical concept – American political scientists Gabriel Almond a Sidney Verba •«The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations» (1963) •UK, Germany, Italy, US, Mexico almond Gabriel Almond verba Sidney Verba Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png The most important elements of the PC (interpretation of Almond and Verba) •The knowledge of politics •Pride in the political system •Relationship with the representatives of other political parties •Tolerance •Individual civic competence •Interpersonal trust •Civic activism Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png Individual political orientations/patterns •Cognitive – knowledge and belief about the political system (how much does one know?) •Affective – emotions and feelings (about the political system, its personnel, its performance) •Evaluative – judgments, decisions and opinions about political objects Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png The typology of Almond and Verba •Parochial political culture: citizens are distant and unaware of politics, have no knowledge or interest in politics, are regardless of the decisions taken by the state •Subject political culture: citizens are heavily subjected to the decisions of government, are aware of politics, its actors and institutions •Participant political culture: citizens are able to influence the government in various ways and they are affected by it Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png The Civic Culture •The Civic Culture is the necessary condition of the stable liberal democracy existence •The Civic Culture is the „sound“ mixture of the three above mentioned types of political culture Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png Portrait of five different political cultures, 1963 •Great Britain •very close to the ideal civic culture •Best results in: • national pride • tolerance towards the representatives of other cultures • interpersonal trust • civic activism • civic competence united_kingdom Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png The portrait of five different political cultures (II) •The United States – are also very close to the ideal type, but at the same time show the lower level of subject orientations • wg-usa-3622-400x300 Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png The portrait of five different political cultures(III) •Germany – shows the deep gap between the high level of knowledge about political system and the low level of political activity and loyalty, high measure of subject orientations and low participant ones, weak civic competence, civic engagement is not intensive nemecko_192 Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png The portrait of five different political cultures (IV) •Italy – the highest level of alienation, the lowest level of pride in their own country and political institutions, the low level of political knowledge, very low interpersonal trust, weak civic competence, intolerance italie_151 Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png The portrait of five different political cultures (IV) •Mexico – paradoxical mix of the very weak civic orientations and the high subjective competence and pride in their own political system maximilan-mexiko-karte Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png The alienated political culture (Feierabend, Klicperová-Baker) •Political apathy •It is a modern concept •It is the culture of those members of the society, who give up politics or are fed up with politics •They are cynical, disappointed and tired •Rozvázání „společenské smlouvy“ (?) Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png The Main Problem •Because of the high quantity of the variables it’s practically impossible to answer the question, to what extent the stability of democracy depends on culture Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png The Renaissance of political culture •In the 1980s there began to appear different works on so-called topic of political culture renaissance •Ronald Inglehart, professor of Michigan University published his famous article The Renaissance of Political Culture in 1988 a98e44ronald_ingleheart_aggp Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png Inglehart’s approach •Emphasized the role of longitudinal research on political culture, based on study of the following issues: life satisfaction, political satisfaction, confidence in interpersonal relationships and support of the existing social order •The most important factor for him is the cultural continuity Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png Robert Putnam and social capital •In his book on the problem of Italian democracy, Making Democracy Work (1993) talks about political culture in the context of regional political elites •Social capital - social ties which are formed by different relationships, norms and trust between citizens, these ties are promoted by civic engagement •Dva druhy sociální kapitálu •Bridging/obecná reciprocita •Bonding/specifická reciprocita Putnan Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png Robert Putnam and causes for decline of social capital •In his book Bowling Alone (2000) says that in the U.S. social capital is diminishing, and that the so-called "post-civil" society emerges. •Crisis of social capital can be illustrated by the decrease in the number of clubs and voluntary associations, the decrease in membership of political parties, etc. •PŘÍČINY •Tlak času a peněz a jeho negativní důsledky, včetně emancipace žen (?) (nízká porodnost, vysoká rozvodovost, zanedbávání péče o děti) 10% •Pracovní mobilita a rozvoj satelitů (snižuje kvalitu sociálních interakcí a celkového prostředí) 10% •Rozvoj elektronické zábavy (televize, dnes internet) 25% •Generační obměna , odchod long civic generation 50% Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png CEVRO_web.png •His CONCLUSION: It is so because of the triumph of consumer capitalism and the extension of materialistic and individualistic values