Active Borders as Key Tools of Democratization/Europeanization Civil Society Dimensions and their Europeanization BORDERS ARE SCARS OF THE PAST > Obsah obrázku text Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Vinu neseme na obou stranách a kostlivce ve skříni má každý. Euroregiony ukazují, jak ty jizvy léčit – jak se s tím vyrovnat. Reflective Relationships of Borders, Collective Identities, Dynamics of Social Inclusion/Exclusion and Knowledge Active Border – Main Features MÜLLER, Karel B in Alternatives 2018 43 (3): 119–136. DOI: 10.1177/0304375418822894. •Very porous, open but still discernible border, border as an opportunity, as a discursive space •Generates the feeling of unity (attachment) and at the same time allows communicating/understanding diversity and plurality •Deters/alleviates polarisation between „us“ and „them“ •Constitute cognitive resources for public learning, and for dialog-like dealing with the past •Strengthens a European (civil/inclusive, positive ) identity •Requires a thick infrastructure of CBC Active Borders Passive Borders Civil Code of Collective Identity Sacred Code Collective Identity Positive Identity/Complementarity Negative Identity/Discrimination Inclusion/Integration Exclusion/Fragmentation Self/Gratification Frustration Unity in Diversity, Homogenisation, Hybridisation Polarisation Cognitive Cultural Aspects Symbolic and Moral Cultural Aspects Others Oriented Polarity Us/Them Fact/Reasoning Oriented Foreclosure Future Oriented/DIALOGICAL FORGETTING Past Oriented/MONOLOGICAL NARRATIVES Critical Knowledge Stereotyping Competence/Cooperation Exploitation/Refusal Open Opportunity Structure Closed Opportunity Structure Life Politics Identity Politics Reflexive Modernisation (this and this) Simple Modernisation (either/or) Proper Distance „Too Far“ or „Too Close“ http://grial4.usal.es/MIH/euroregions/en/resources/crossborder.png WHEN THE FIRST EUROREGION APPEARED? •The origins of cross-border cooperation date back to the period after the Second World War, when it began to develop mainly on the border between Germany and the Netherlands. •In 1958, EUREGIO was founded around Gronau on the German-Dutch border: the first advanced institutional form of cross-border cooperation. Obsah obrázku mapa Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Jak to začalo? Aktive Grenzen in Europa •Testen des theoretischen Konzepts von ACTIVE BORDER im spezifischen Kontext der CBC in zwei trilateralen Euroregionen •Inspiration? •Case of Good Governance, Hrádek nad Nisou, DE-DK Beziehungen etc. •Strong Barrier Effects of CZ – DE Border (EB 2015) • •Why trilateral Euroreregions…? Euroregion Neisse - Nisa - Nysa Euroregion Šumava - Bayerischer Wald - Unterer Inn - Mühlviertel Trilateral Euroregions as Laboratory for investigating a horizontal Europeanization at local & regional level Constructing Unity & Diversity C:\Karel\mapy\European regions\euroregiony-cz-cz.png Euroregion Nisa Established 1991 – first euroregion in CZ and CEE ČR: 131 obcí (2.), cca 2 500 km^2 (3.), cca 427 tis. obyvatel (3.) (2016) Sasko – 112 obcí, Polsko – 45 obcí Relatively lower economic asymetry Linguistic and cultural diversity Legacy of the past Euroregion Šumava Established 1993 ČR: 94 obcí (4.), cca 3 440 km^2 (1.), cca 175 tis. obyvatel (12.) (2016) Bavorsko – 114 obcí, Rakousko – 102 obcí Higher economic asymetry Linguistic differences Geographical conditionality Legacy of the past + iron curtain Incentives for membership of municipality in the Euroregion Mayors of Cross Border Euroregions, 2018 YES Cultural enrichment and strengthening of mutual understanding 69,7 % Overcoming the disadvantages given by the periphery position of the municipality 55,7 % More opportunities for economic development of the municipality 52,3 % Mutual Exchange of information and sharing experience in the field of municipality administration 25,7 % Solution of problems and fulfillment of the tasks of municipalities 18,8 % Expected increase in job opportunities for the inhabitants of the municipality 8,9 % Other 6 % What are the three main incentives for your municipality to be a member of Euroregion? Starostové byli vyzváni k uvedení tří nejdůležitějších motivací, proto je součet procent vyšší než 100 %. Zároveň však ne všichni uvedli všechny tři motivace, někteří méně a někteří i více. Dealing with the Past Dialogical •Reflexive •Nonreflexive • •Monological