Processes of Modernisation •1455 1650 1774 Literacy • • 1517 1648 1781 Secularization • • 1759 1765 1884 Industrialization • • 1784 1833 1859 1868/9 Commodification • • 1781 1848 Urbanization • • 1893 1906 1918 Democratization Time-Space Distanciation •SEPARATION •EMPTY TIME END SPACE •DISENBEDDING MECHANISM •EXPERT SYSTEMS (Railways to Internet) •SYMBOLIC TOKEN (Money, Language) • The Institutional Dimensions of Modernity Anthony Giddens Social differentiation Media of power/N. Luhmann •Love, Solidarity •Money •Knowledge, Soft Skills •Reputation, Trust Europe 1500 Europe 1900 Europe 2000 European Union 2023 Ernest Gellner (1925 – 1995) •Nations and Nationalism (1983) • •Modern forces inevitably have been working towards the confluence of political and cultural borders, towards merging political and cultural units. • •Marriage between a state and culture • • • undefined 2 basic types of nation-forming processes in Europe (Europe 1700) •Integrated state-nation societies •{7 states} F, E, D, P, S, Sp., D •tradition of statehood •complete social structure (national elites) •tradition of literary language (language of administration & national elites) •Stateless societies •{more than 30 ethnic groups) •living within multiethnic states or empires •non-dominant ethnic groups • central europe map 1700 Gellner – 4 time zones (West – East direction) „Modern forces inevitably have been working towards the confluence of political and cultural borders, towards merging political and cultural units.“ central europe map 1800 •1st ZONE (Europe 1800) •Marriage of state and culture has been achieved during early modernity (age of enlightenment) •States survived from the Middle Ages •Continuity of independent statehood •7 states – politically and culturally integrated •The process of integration lasted centuries •Transformative state nationalism • • 2nd ZONE (Europe 1900) •Marriage of state and culture has been achieved in the second half of 19th century • •Germany: 1871 Bismarc •Italy: Risorgimento – the period of liberation and political unification of Italy 1866/1870 (Mazzini, Garibaldi) •No state continuity but other preconditions existed - culturally integrated, political fragmentation, high culture •Integrative (ethnic) nationalism •Forerunner of 3rd ZONE: •Greece: independence war • 1821-1829 (1832) •Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania 1878 • • central europe map 1900 3rd ZONE (Europe 1918) •Political + cultural fragmentation, many dialects, it was not always obvious what was a new language and what was only regional dialects (Slavonic languages), linguistic lines were very blurred. •Many of these states became independent after 1st world war – principle of self-determination. •No statehood but remnant {partly remaining} and functioning institutions in multi-ethnic state {Habsburg Empire} – C, H, P, Norway •Disintegrative (ethnic) nationalism CEE 1918-23_ 4th ZONE (Europe 2000+) •No tradition of independent statehood at all {Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, Estonia} •Orientation towards cultural/folklore history. •The spread of bolshevism repressed the national emancipation movements •USSR: Ukraine, Baltic States, Armenia, Georgia, etc. •Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Monte Negro, Macedonia, Bosnia, Kosovo … •Czechoslovakia: Slovakia … • • central europe map 2000-I Stages of Transitions (Ernest Gellner) •Viennese situation (1815): 1. ZONE •Age of Irredentism: 2. ZONE •GERMANY 1871, ITALY 1866, 1870 (RISORGIMENTO) •Versailles (Wilson) System: 3. ZONE •1918, self-determination •Ethnic Cleansing: 4. ZONE •1945/46, 1989 – 1992 (USSR, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) •Attenuation (?) • •