Gellner – 4 time zones (West – East direction) •„Modern forces inevitably have been working towards the confluence of political and cultural borders, towards merging political and cultural units.“ • •3 initial conditions of nation formation •Continuity of Independent Statehood •Dis-continuity of Independent Statehood •(+ no/some remnant institutions) •No Tradition of Independent Statehood 1st ZONE (Europe 1800) central europe map 1800 •Marriage of state and culture has been achieved during early modernity (age of enlightenment) •States survived from the Middle Ages •Continuity of independent statehood •7 states – politically and culturally integrated •The process of integration lasted centuries •Transformative state nationalism • • 2nd ZONE (Europe 1900) •Marriage of state and culture has been achieved in the second half of 19th century • •Germany: 1871 Bismarc •Italy: Risorgimento – the period of liberation and political unification of Italy 1866/1870 (Mazzini, Garibaldi) •No state continuity but other preconditions existed - culturally integrated, political fragmentation, high culture •Integrative (ethnic) nationalism •Forerunner of 3rd ZONE: •Greece: independence war • 1821-1829 (1832) •Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania 1878 • • central europe map 1900 3rd ZONE (Europe 1918) •Many of these states became independent after 1st world war – principle of self-determination •Political + cultural fragmentation, many dialects, it was not always obvious what was a new language and what was only regional dialects (Slavonic languages), linguistic lines were very blurred… but GE – Czech linguistic border •No statehood but remnant {partly remaining} and functioning institutions in multi-ethnic state {Habsburg Empire} – Cz, Hu, Pl, Norway (1905) •Disintegrative (ethnic) nationalism CEE 1918-23_ LANGUAGES BEFORE WWI https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Languages_of_Central_Europe_1910_v_%C4%8D e%C5%A1tin%C4%9B.png/1280px-Languages_of_Central_Europe_1910_v_%C4%8De%C5%A1tin%C4%9B.png CEE 1918-23_ C:\Karel\mapy\Langauges\Poland1937linguistic.jpg G:\mapy\mapy\historické mapy Evropy\RČs._Poměry_národnostní.jpg 4th ZONE (Europe 2000+) •No tradition of independent statehood at all {Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, Estonia} •Orientation towards cultural/folklore history. •The spread of bolshevism repressed the national emancipation movements •USSR: Ukraine, Baltic States, Armenia, Georgia, etc. •Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Monte Negro, Macedonia, Bosnia, Kosovo … •Czechoslovakia: Slovakia … •Disintegrative (ethnic) nationalism • • • central europe map 2000-I Central Europe: Fiction or Reality? •Turbulent Politics and Changing Borders CEE 1918-23_ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Fl ickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/1920px-10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_T he_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Border_changes_in_history_of_Poland.png C:\Karel\Karel\mapy\historické mapy Evropy\563px-Curzon_line_en.svg.png •Hungary Prior 1918 •Hungary Post 1918 • C:\Karel\Karel\mapy\Map_of_Visegrad_Group.png Visegrád Group 1991 Reference to the Congress of 1335 C:\Karel\Karel\mapy\560px-Great_Schism_1054_with_former_borders.png C:\Karel\Karel\mapy\europe_religions_map-750.jpg H:\mapy\historické mapy Evropy\Europe 1989.png Post-communists Predicaments •Destruction of Public Sphere •Political Culture Consequences (political orientation/identities; no opposition; state as an enemy – us x them, disdain for political elites) •Social Consequence (fragmentation, anomy x conformity) •Adoration of Privacy •Fear, Intolerance, Distrust •Bonding Social Capital, Clientelism (Patronage) •Loss of Civic Virtues • • • • • Aloisie Müllerová (*1909 – †2011) •Aloisie Sommerová (Ludvík Sommer, shopkeeper, her father died in the WWI) •1909 (born in Hapsburg Empire in Moravia) •1918 (10 years old – Czechoslovakia) •1938 (30 years old – 1st break up of Czechoslovakia) •1939 (Annexation – Protectorate Böhmen und Mahren) •1945 (36 year old – Renewal of Czechoslovakia) •1948 (Communist Coup) •1968 (60 years old – Prague Spring) •1989 (80 years old – Velvet Revolution) •1993 (2nd Break up Czechoslovakia) •2004 (95 years old, Czechia joined the EU) • •Monarchism •WWI •Democracy •Fascism + WWII •Communism – Stalinism (Cult of Personality) •Communism – Socialism with Human Face •Democratic transformation •Break up of Czechoslovakia •European Union • • \\HOME-PC\Users\HOME\Documents\P1070215.JPG \\HOME-PC\Users\HOME\Documents\P1070214.JPG \\HOME-PC\Users\HOME\Documents\P1070217.JPG P1070214.JPG P1070215.JPG \\HOME-PC\Users\HOME\Documents\P1070216.JPG IMPERIAL Queen Victoria LONDYN.jpg Place de la République Paris Statue_place_République_Paris.jpg P1090623.JPG P1090624.JPG C:\fotky\FOTOS Lipence 2\P1090630.JPG Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png Cevro institut_doplnkove_rgb_neg_cz.png Central Europe? Summary •Peripheral but a solid part of the Western Christianity •Peripheral but a solid part of the Western Europe (until ?) •Legacy of Multiethnic Empires (Vienna, Berlin, Moscow) •Communist and Post-communist Legacy •Including experience of transformation •Destruction of public sphere, adoration of privacy •Open massive resistance against the Soviet rule •East Germany 1953 •Hungary 1956 •Czechoslovakia 1968 (Prague Spring) •Poland (1956, 1980 – Solidarity) •