Yugoslavian war and the aftermath Diana-Valvanuz Villalva Sardón Eric Cerdán Martínez Laura Cárcamo Porres Index 1 2 3 4 Introduction: Consolidation of Yugoslavia Break up of Yugoslavia Current relation between the new nations and the EU Conclusion 5 References Introduction: Consolidation of Yugoslavia 1 Origins : Introduction I ●Yugoslavia was a federated country, situated in the west-central part of the Balkan Peninsula ●It existed from 1918-2003 ●After WWI the Kingdoms of Serbs, Croats and Slovens formed an Alliance ● Yugoslavia | History, Map, Flag, Breakup, & Facts | Britannica ●Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina were also former kingdoms Origins : Introduction II ●They main problem of this states was the ethnic and religious differences ●Conflicts of interests and political manners of how to rule Croats: Federal structure Serbs: unitary state ●The unitarist solution prevailed, and in the year 1921 a constitution was born establishing a highly centralized state, under the Serbian Karadjordjevic´ dynasty. ●1929: royal dictatorship and new Kingdom of Yugoslavia NPG x130862; King Alexander of Yugoslavia - Portrait - National Portrait Gallery The Balkans: an explosive area ●Bad manegement of their diversity ●Three religions: catholicism, orthodox christians and muslims ● ●Axis invation, along with some regimes, soviet control and finally the leadership of Joseph Broz Tito ●1945: Federal People’s Republic ●SFRY: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ●Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia ( Vojvodina and Kosovo) Joseph Broz Tito ●President from 1953-1980 ●Supremum commander of the Yugoslav People’s Army ●Introduced the Second Yugoslavia: socialist federation ●Ideas: workers should manage the production and embodied the creation of the first worker’s council 1950 ●Descentralizing and liberal forces in Croatia and Serbia were purged ●He established the “liberation committees, that made the Chetniks go isolated ●He anexionated Istria and the Julian Alps ●He promoted a non-communist government ●Soviets broke their connection with his government Josip Broz Tito | Slavic Wiki | Fandom End of Yugoslavia ●1989: Slobodan Milosevic abolished Kosovo’s autonomy by imposing a political regime and a nationalism ideology ●He revoked the equality of rights by imposing majority voting, benefiting the serbs ●Milosevic revoked the autonomies of Kosovo and Vojvodina ●Slovenia and Croatia went independent ●Bosnia war 1992: bosniak muslims, orthodox serbs and catholics croats fought against each other for 3 years ●Masacre of muslims in Srebrenica 1995 ●Dayton Peace Agreement: gave the autonomies to Bosnia-Herzegovina ●1997 Montenegro got its Independence ●2003 Yugoslavia finally disolve Break up of Yugoslavia 2 OVERVIEW OF THE BREAKUP OF YUGOSLAVIA ●Roots of Breakup: Cultural, religious, and nationalist divisions set the stage for Yugoslavia's dissolution. ●Triggers: Tito's death, constitutional changes, and the collapse of communism were pivotal events. ●Milošević's Role: Slobodan Milošević exploited a weakened central state, using Serbian ultra-nationalism to gain control. ●Declaration of Independence: Slovenia and Croatia declared independence in 1991, leading to conflicts. ●Yugoslav Army's Intervention: Yugoslavia briefly intervened in Slovenia, confirming its separation. ●Serb Minority in Croatia: The Serb minority in Croatia declared independence, sparking violence. ●Bosnian War: Bosnia's declaration of independence in 1992 triggered a devastating war. ●International Recognition: Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia gained international recognition. ●Formation of New Yugoslavia: Serbia and Montenegro formed a new Yugoslavia, unrecognized globally. ●Casualties in Bosnia: The Bosnian war resulted in a significant loss of lives. ●Kosovo Conflict: Kosovo faced violence in 1998–1999, leading to NATO intervention. ●Milošević's Ouster: Milošević lost power in 2001. ●Kosovo's Independence: Kosovo declared independence in 2008, recognized by the US and many European states. IMPORTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION INVOLVEMENT IN THE BREAKUP OF YUGOSLAVIA. RECOGNITION AND DIPLOMACY. EU MEMBER STATES' RESPONSE TO DECLARATIONS OF INDEPENDENCE. DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS AND MEDIATION ATTEMPTS. ●Breakup of Yugoslavia fueled by cultural, religious, and nationalist tensions. ●Slobodan Milošević exploited divisions to consolidate power. ●Conflicts in Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia led to declarations of independence and a devastating war. ●EU responded with sanctions, including an oil embargo and trade restrictions, to pressure Yugoslavia. ●Post-war, EU adopted a multifaceted approach for stability, reconstruction, and fostering good relations. ●Initiatives like the Stability Pact and Stabilization and Association Agreements incentivized reforms. ●EU's commitment to the region evident in regular assessments, pre-accession assistance, and membership prospects. ●Thessaloniki summit in 2003 marked a significant step with a clear reference to potential EU membership for Balkan countries. ●EU's role evolved from crisis response to a comprehensive strategy for stability and integration in the Balkans. PRE-BREAKUP RELATIONS. INITIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YUGOSLAVIA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION ●Yugoslavia, the first socialist state to engage with the EEC (later EU), didn't achieve full EEC membership. ●The Yugoslav dissolution in the early '90s led to EU guilt for failing to prevent a humanitarian crisis. ●The crisis prompted the EU to establish the Common Foreign and Security Policy. ●Pre-conflict, Yugoslavia was a major EEC trade partner with duty exemptions for industrial imports. ●Post-war, the EU focused on Balkan stability, providing aid, and motivating reforms for potential membership. ECONOMIC AND HUMANITARIAN AID. EU'S ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE AND HUMANITARIAN AID AFTER THE CONFLICT ●In 2000, the European Commission, via ECHO, provided €69 million in humanitarian aid for the Yugoslavian conflict. ●The aid targeted Bosnia and Herzegovina (€56.5 million), Former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (€7.6 million), and Croatia (€5 million). ●Efforts focused on aiding refugee return, providing tools for home repair, and supporting income generation. ●ECHO aimed to address primary needs, facilitate return, and seek permanent solutions for refugees. ●The aid also extended to the health sector, food assistance, and social support in Bosnia and Herzegovina. THE POST-WAR EU’S POLICY TO THE BALKAN STATES: INSTRUMENTS AND FRAMEWORK ●The EU's post-war policy towards the Balkans, notably Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia, has been more effective in shaping political and economic developments. ●Diplomatic and developmental efforts have been pivotal in implementing peace processes, aiding state-building, and supporting reconstruction in the former Yugoslav states. ●The Royaumont Process, initiated after the Dayton Agreement, focused on regional challenges, offering financial and technical support conditional on good neighborliness. ●Recognizing deficiencies, the EU introduced the 'Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe,' addressing concerns of social, political, and economic instability. ●The pact, along with other instruments, provided a specific and comprehensive approach, offering membership commitments akin to successful models for Central and Eastern European Countries. ●The EU's enlargement strategies, combined with economic influence, incentivized Balkan states to undertake necessary reforms and diplomatically resolve bilateral issues. ●The EU's multifaceted approach has significantly influenced the domestic and foreign policies of the Balkan region, fostering progress and stability. SANCTIONS OF THE EU IN YUGOSLAVIA ●Oil Embargo: Initiated on May 1, 1999, by the EU to counter Yugoslav government violations and repression. ●Trade Sanctions: Imposed since 1992, lifted in 1995, with an "outer wall" restricting access to funding and finance. ●Visa Ban: Enforced from June 1, 1999, targeting 800 associates of Milošević, aligned with the U.S. visa ban. ●Flight Ban: Implemented on May 10, 1999, excluding Kosovo and Montenegro, suspended a year later. ●International Participation: Fourteen non-EU nations adopted the sanctions regime, and on October 9, 2000, EU Foreign Ministers considered easing trade and financial sanctions, excluding those against Milošević and associates. Current relation between the new nations and the EU 3 Copenhagen criteria Institutions that ensure democracy 1 Rule of law, human rights and minority protection 2 Operational economic market capable of navigating competition and market dynamics 3 Capability to adopt and efficiently implement membership obligations 4 icty.org Slovenia 60% The Moon is a satellite •Process started in 1996 •European Union in May 2004 •Eurozone in 2007 Croatia 60% The Moon is a satellite •More problems: distrust, economic issues, etc… •President Franjo Tudjman •Applied 2003 • •Accession negotiations in 2005 • •European Union in July 2013 North Macedonia 60% The Moon is a satellite •Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) in 2005 •Independence without violence •Disputes with Greece • •Accession negotiations in 2020 • •Still in process due to disparities Serbia 60% The Moon is a satellite •Tried to keep Yugoslavia together •Public Opinion divided • •Accession negotiations in 2014 • •Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) in 2012 Kosovo 60% The Moon is a satellite •Independence in 2008 •SAA in 2015 • •Not recognized by Spain, Cyprus, Greece, Slovakia and Romania • Montenegro 60% The Moon is a satellite •Independence in 2006 •Applied in 2008 • •Started Accession Process as well • • Bosnia-Herzegovina 60% The Moon is a satellite •SAA in 2008 •Complex political system • •A lot of ethnics = consensus • • Why is it different with Ukraine? 60% The Moon is a satellite VS. •EU was not so developed •More involved IIOO • • • Conclusion 4 References 5 References Conditions for membership. 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